1 Scope of the Report 1.1 Market Introduction 1.2 Years Considered 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Market Research Methodology 1.5 Research Process and Data Source 1.6 Economic Indicators 1.7 Currency Considered 2 Executive Summary 2.1 World Market Overview 2.1.1 Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2017-2028 2.1.2 Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Region 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028 2.2 Cord Blood Banking Segment by Type 2.2.1 Public Banking 2.2.2 Private Banking 2.3 Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type 2.3.1 Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) 2.3.2 Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) 2.4 Cord Blood Banking Segment by Application 2.4.1 Hospital 2.4.2 Research Institute 2.4.3 Others 2.5 Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application 2.5.1 Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) 2.5.2 Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) 3 Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Player 3.1 Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Players 3.1.1 Global Cord Blood Banking Revenue by Players (2020-2022) 3.1.2 Global Cord Blood Banking Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2022) 3.2 Global Cord Blood Banking Key Players Head office and Products Offered 3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis 3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis 3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022) 3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants 3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 4 Cord Blood Banking by Regions 4.1 Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Regions (2017-2022) 4.2 Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth (2017-2022) 4.3 APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth (2017-2022) 4.4 Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth (2017-2022) 4.5 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth (2017-2022) 5 Americas 5.1 Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Country (2017-2022) 5.2 Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) 5.3 Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) 5.4 United States 5.5 Canada 5.6 Mexico 5.7 Brazil 6 APAC 6.1 APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Region (2017-2022) 6.2 APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) 6.3 APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) 6.4 China 6.5 Japan 6.6 Korea 6.7 Southeast Asia 6.8 India 6.9 Australia 7 Europe 7.1 Europe Cord Blood Banking by Country (2017-2022) 7.2 Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) 7.3 Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) 7.4 Germany 7.5 France 7.6 UK 7.7 Italy 7.8 Russia 8 Middle East & Africa 8.1 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking by Region (2017-2022) 8.2 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) 8.3 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) 8.4 Egypt 8.5 South Africa 8.6 Israel 8.7 Turkey 8.8 GCC Countries 9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends 9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities 9.2 Market Challenges & Risks 9.3 Industry Trends 10 Global Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.1 Global Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) 10.1.1 Global Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) 10.1.2 Americas Cord Blood Banking Forecast 10.1.3 APAC Cord Blood Banking Forecast 10.1.4 Europe Cord Blood Banking Forecast 10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Forecast 10.2 Americas Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Country (2023-2028) 10.2.1 United States Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.2.2 Canada Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.2.3 Mexico Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.2.4 Brazil Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3 APAC Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Region (2023-2028) 10.3.1 China Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3.2 Japan Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3.3 Korea Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3.4 Southeast Asia Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3.5 India Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.3.6 Australia Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.4 Europe Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Country (2023-2028) 10.4.1 Germany Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.4.2 France Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.4.3 UK Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.4.4 Italy Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.4.5 Russia Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.5 Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Region (2023-2028) 10.5.1 Egypt Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.5.2 South Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.5.3 Israel Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.5.4 Turkey Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.5.5 GCC Countries Cord Blood Banking Market Forecast 10.6 Global Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Type (2023-2028) 10.7 Global Cord Blood Banking Forecast by Application (2023-2028) 11 Key Players Analysis 11.1 China Cord Blood Corporation 11.1.1 China Cord Blood Corporation Company Information 11.1.2 China Cord Blood Corporation Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.1.3 China Cord Blood Corporation Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.1.4 China Cord Blood Corporation Main Business Overview 11.1.5 China Cord Blood Corporation Latest Developments 11.2 Cord Blood America, Inc. 11.2.1 Cord Blood America, Inc. Company Information 11.2.2 Cord Blood America, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.2.3 Cord Blood America, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.2.4 Cord Blood America, Inc. Main Business Overview 11.2.5 Cord Blood America, Inc. Latest Developments 11.3 CBR Systems, Inc. 11.3.1 CBR Systems, Inc. Company Information 11.3.2 CBR Systems, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.3.3 CBR Systems, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.3.4 CBR Systems, Inc. Main Business Overview 11.3.5 CBR Systems, Inc. Latest Developments 11.4 Cordlife Group Limited 11.4.1 Cordlife Group Limited Company Information 11.4.2 Cordlife Group Limited Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.4.3 Cordlife Group Limited Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.4.4 Cordlife Group Limited Main Business Overview 11.4.5 Cordlife Group Limited Latest Developments 11.5 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. 11.5.1 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Company Information 11.5.2 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.5.3 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.5.4 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Main Business Overview 11.5.5 Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Latest Developments 11.6 Cryo-Save AG 11.6.1 Cryo-Save AG Company Information 11.6.2 Cryo-Save AG Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.6.3 Cryo-Save AG Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.6.4 Cryo-Save AG Main Business Overview 11.6.5 Cryo-Save AG Latest Developments 11.7 Lifeforce Cryobanks 11.7.1 Lifeforce Cryobanks Company Information 11.7.2 Lifeforce Cryobanks Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.7.3 Lifeforce Cryobanks Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.7.4 Lifeforce Cryobanks Main Business Overview 11.7.5 Lifeforce Cryobanks Latest Developments 11.8 National Cord Blood Program 11.8.1 National Cord Blood Program Company Information 11.8.2 National Cord Blood Program Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.8.3 National Cord Blood Program Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.8.4 National Cord Blood Program Main Business Overview 11.8.5 National Cord Blood Program Latest Developments 11.9 ViaCord, Inc. 11.9.1 ViaCord, Inc. Company Information 11.9.2 ViaCord, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.9.3 ViaCord, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.9.4 ViaCord, Inc. Main Business Overview 11.9.5 ViaCord, Inc. Latest Developments 11.10 Virgin Health Bank 11.10.1 Virgin Health Bank Company Information 11.10.2 Virgin Health Bank Cord Blood Banking Product Offered 11.10.3 Virgin Health Bank Cord Blood Banking Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) 11.10.4 Virgin Health Bank Main Business Overview 11.10.5 Virgin Health Bank Latest Developments 12 Research Findings and Conclusion

List of Tables Table 1. Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions) Table 2. Major Players of Public Banking Table 3. Major Players of Private Banking Table 4. Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions) Table 5. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 6. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Table 7. Cord Blood Banking Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions) Table 8. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 9. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table 10. Global Cord Blood Banking Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 11. Global Cord Blood Banking Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022) Table 12. Cord Blood Banking Key Players Head office and Products Offered Table 13. Cord Blood Banking Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022) Table 14. New Products and Potential Entrants Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Table 16. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions) Table 17. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022) Table 18. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 19. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022) Table 20. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 21. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Table 22. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 23. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table 24. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 25. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022) Table 26. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 27. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Table 28. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 29. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table 30. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 31. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022) Table 32. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 33. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Table 34. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 35. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table 36. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 37. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022) Table 38. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 39. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022) Table 40. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Table 41. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022) Table 42. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Cord Blood Banking Table 43. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Cord Blood Banking Table 44. Key Industry Trends of Cord Blood Banking Table 45. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions) Table 46. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) Table 47. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions) Table 48. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028) Table 49. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions) Table 50. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028) Table 51. China Cord Blood Corporation Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 52. China Cord Blood Corporation Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 53. China Cord Blood Corporation Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 54. China Cord Blood Corporation Main Business Table 55. China Cord Blood Corporation Latest Developments Table 56. Cord Blood America, Inc. Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 57. Cord Blood America, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 58. Cord Blood America, Inc. Main Business Table 59. Cord Blood America, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 60. Cord Blood America, Inc. Latest Developments Table 61. CBR Systems, Inc. Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 62. CBR Systems, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 63. CBR Systems, Inc. Main Business Table 64. CBR Systems, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 65. CBR Systems, Inc. Latest Developments Table 66. Cordlife Group Limited Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 67. Cordlife Group Limited Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 68. Cordlife Group Limited Main Business Table 69. Cordlife Group Limited Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 70. Cordlife Group Limited Latest Developments Table 71. Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 72. Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 73. Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Main Business Table 74. Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 75. Cryo-Cell International, Inc. Latest Developments Table 76. Cryo-Save AG Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 77. Cryo-Save AG Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 78. Cryo-Save AG Main Business Table 79. Cryo-Save AG Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 80. Cryo-Save AG Latest Developments Table 81. Lifeforce Cryobanks Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 82. Lifeforce Cryobanks Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 83. Lifeforce Cryobanks Main Business Table 84. Lifeforce Cryobanks Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 85. Lifeforce Cryobanks Latest Developments Table 86. National Cord Blood Program Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 87. National Cord Blood Program Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 88. National Cord Blood Program Main Business Table 89. National Cord Blood Program Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 90. National Cord Blood Program Latest Developments Table 91. ViaCord, Inc. Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 92. ViaCord, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 93. ViaCord, Inc. Main Business Table 94. ViaCord, Inc. Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 95. ViaCord, Inc. Latest Developments Table 96. Virgin Health Bank Details, Company Type, Cord Blood Banking Area Served and Its Competitors Table 97. Virgin Health Bank Cord Blood Banking Product Offered Table 98. Virgin Health Bank Main Business Table 99. Virgin Health Bank Cord Blood Banking Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022) Table 100. Virgin Health Bank Latest Developments List of Figures Figure 1. Cord Blood Banking Report Years Considered Figure 2. Research Objectives Figure 3. Research Methodology Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source Figure 5. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 6. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021 Figure 7. Cord Blood Banking in Hospital Figure 8. Global Cord Blood Banking Market: Hospital (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Figure 9. Cord Blood Banking in Research Institute Figure 10. Global Cord Blood Banking Market: Research Institute (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Figure 11. Cord Blood Banking in Others Figure 12. Global Cord Blood Banking Market: Others (2017-2022) & ($ Millions) Figure 13. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure 14. Global Cord Blood Banking Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021 Figure 15. Global Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022) Figure 16. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 17. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 18. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 19. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 20. Americas Cord Blood Banking Value Market Share by Country in 2021 Figure 21. Americas Cord Blood Banking Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021 Figure 22. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure 23. United States Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 24. Canada Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 25. Mexico Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 26. Brazil Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 27. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021 Figure 28. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure 29. China Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 30. Japan Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 31. Korea Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 32. Southeast Asia Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 33. India Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 34. Australia Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 35. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021 Figure 36. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021 Figure 37. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure 38. Germany Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 39. France Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 40. UK Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 41. Italy Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 42. Russia Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021 Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021 Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure 46. Egypt Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 47. South Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 48. Israel Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 49. Turkey Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 50. GCC Country Cord Blood Banking Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions) Figure 51. Americas Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 52. APAC Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 53. Europe Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 54. Middle East & Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 55. United States Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 56. Canada Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 57. Mexico Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 58. Brazil Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 59. China Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 60. Japan Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 61. Korea Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 62. Southeast Asia Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 63. India Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 64. Australia Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 65. Germany Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 66. France Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 67. UK Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 68. Italy Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 69. Russia Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 70. Spain Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 71. Egypt Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 72. South Africa Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 73. Israel Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 74. Turkey Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions) Figure 75. GCC Countries Cord Blood Banking Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)