Table of Content 1 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - Research Scope 1.1 Study Goals 1.2 Market Definition and Scope 1.3 Key Market Segments 1.4 Study and Forecasting Years 2 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - Research Methodology 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Research Data Source 2.2.1 Secondary Data 2.2.2 Primary Data 2.2.3 Market Size Estimation 2.2.4 Legal Disclaimer 3 Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forces 3.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 3.2 Top Impacting Factors (PESTEL Analysis) 3.2.1 Political Factors 3.2.2 Economic Factors 3.2.3 Social Factors 3.2.4 Technological Factors 3.2.5 Environmental Factors 3.2.6 Legal Factors 3.3 Industry Trend Analysis 3.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19 3.4.1 Risk Assessment on COVID-19 3.4.2 Assessment of the Overall Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry 3.4.3 Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Market Scenario 3.5 Industry Risk Assessment 4 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - By Geography 4.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Value and Market Share by Regions 4.1.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value ($) by Region (2015-2020) 4.1.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) 4.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Production and Market Share by Major Countries 4.2.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production by Major Countries (2015-2020) 4.2.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020) 4.3 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Market Share by Regions 4.3.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Regions (2015-2020) 4.3.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) 5 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - By Trade Statistics 5.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import 5.2 United States Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) 5.3 Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) 5.4 China Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) 5.5 Japan Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) 5.6 India Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) 5.7 ... 6 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - By Type 6.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production and Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 6.1.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production by Types (2015-2020) 6.1.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 6.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value and Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 6.2.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value by Types (2015-2020) 6.2.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 6.3 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production, Price and Growth Rate of Eau De Toilette (2015-2020) 6.4 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production, Price and Growth Rate of Eau De Parfum (2015-2020) 7 Luxury Niche Perfume Market - By Application 7.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 7.1.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Applications (2015-2020) 7.1.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 7.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption and Growth Rate of Men (2015-2020) 7.3 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption and Growth Rate of Women (2015-2020) 8 North America Luxury Niche Perfume Market 8.1 North America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 8.2 United States Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 8.3 Canada Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 8.4 Mexico Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 8.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market 9 Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Market Analysis 9.1 Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.2 Germany Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.3 United Kingdom Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.4 France Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.5 Italy Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.6 Spain Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 9.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market 10 Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Market Analysis 10.1 Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.2 China Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.3 Japan Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.4 South Korea Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.5 Southeast Asia Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.6 India Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 10.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market 11 Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Analysis 11.1 Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 11.2 Saudi Arabia Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 11.3 UAE Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 11.4 South Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market 12 South America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Analysis 12.1 South America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 12.2 Brazil Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size 12.3 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market 13 Company Profiles 13.1 Lalique 13.1.1 Lalique Basic Information 13.1.2 Lalique Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.1.3 Lalique Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.2 Mancera 13.2.1 Mancera Basic Information 13.2.2 Mancera Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.2.3 Mancera Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.3 Lancôme 13.3.1 Lancôme Basic Information 13.3.2 Lancôme Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.3.3 Lancôme Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.4 Chloe 13.4.1 Chloe Basic Information 13.4.2 Chloe Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.4.3 Chloe Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.5 Lattafa 13.5.1 Lattafa Basic Information 13.5.2 Lattafa Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.5.3 Lattafa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.6 Alfred Dunhill 13.6.1 Alfred Dunhill Basic Information 13.6.2 Alfred Dunhill Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.6.3 Alfred Dunhill Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.7 Jaguar 13.7.1 Jaguar Basic Information 13.7.2 Jaguar Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.7.3 Jaguar Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.8 ETRO 13.8.1 ETRO Basic Information 13.8.2 ETRO Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.8.3 ETRO Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.9 Bottega Veneta 13.9.1 Bottega Veneta Basic Information 13.9.2 Bottega Veneta Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.9.3 Bottega Veneta Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.10 Chanel 13.10.1 Chanel Basic Information 13.10.2 Chanel Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.10.3 Chanel Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.11 Escentric Molecules 13.11.1 Escentric Molecules Basic Information 13.11.2 Escentric Molecules Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.11.3 Escentric Molecules Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.12 Guerlain 13.12.1 Guerlain Basic Information 13.12.2 Guerlain Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.12.3 Guerlain Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.13 Emper 13.13.1 Emper Basic Information 13.13.2 Emper Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.13.3 Emper Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.14 Hermès 13.14.1 Hermès Basic Information 13.14.2 Hermès Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.14.3 Hermès Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.15 Van Cleef & Arpels 13.15.1 Van Cleef & Arpels Basic Information 13.15.2 Van Cleef & Arpels Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.15.3 Van Cleef & Arpels Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.16 Boucheron 13.16.1 Boucheron Basic Information 13.16.2 Boucheron Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.16.3 Boucheron Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.17 DIOR 13.17.1 DIOR Basic Information 13.17.2 DIOR Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.17.3 DIOR Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.18 ELIE SAAB 13.18.1 ELIE SAAB Basic Information 13.18.2 ELIE SAAB Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.18.3 ELIE SAAB Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.19 Opio 13.19.1 Opio Basic Information 13.19.2 Opio Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.19.3 Opio Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.20 Arabian Oud 13.20.1 Arabian Oud Basic Information 13.20.2 Arabian Oud Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.20.3 Arabian Oud Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.21 Cosmo 13.21.1 Cosmo Basic Information 13.21.2 Cosmo Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.21.3 Cosmo Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.22 Montale Parfums 13.22.1 Montale Parfums Basic Information 13.22.2 Montale Parfums Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.22.3 Montale Parfums Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.23 Armaf 13.23.1 Armaf Basic Information 13.23.2 Armaf Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.23.3 Armaf Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.24 Tom Ford 13.24.1 Tom Ford Basic Information 13.24.2 Tom Ford Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.24.3 Tom Ford Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.25 Prada 13.25.1 Prada Basic Information 13.25.2 Prada Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.25.3 Prada Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.26 Roberto Cavalli 13.26.1 Roberto Cavalli Basic Information 13.26.2 Roberto Cavalli Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.26.3 Roberto Cavalli Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 13.27 Aramis 13.27.1 Aramis Basic Information 13.27.2 Aramis Product Profiles, Application and Specification 13.27.3 Aramis Luxury Niche Perfume Market Performance (2015-2020) 14 Market Forecast - By Regions 14.1 North America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast (2020-2025) 14.2 Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3 Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast (2020-2025) 14.4 Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast (2020-2025) 14.5 South America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast (2020-2025) 15 Market Forecast - By Type and Applications 15.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025) 15.1.1 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Production and Market Share by Types (2020-2025) 15.1.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Value and Market Share by Types (2020-2025) 15.2 Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)

List of Tables and Figures Figure Luxury Niche Perfume Picture Table Luxury Niche Perfume Key Market Segments Figure Study and Forecasting Years Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025 Figure Industry PESTEL Analysis Figure Global COVID-19 Status Figure Market Size Forecast Comparison of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value ($) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Market Share by Regions in 2019 Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production by Major Countries (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Market Share by Regions in 2019 Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019 Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Export Top 3 Country 2019 Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Import Top 3 Country 2019 Table United States Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) Table Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) Table China Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) Table Japan Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) Table India Luxury Niche Perfume Export and Import (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production by Types (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Production Share by Type (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value by Types (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Value Share by Type (2015-2020) Figure Global Eau De Toilette Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Global Eau De Toilette Price (2015-2020) Figure Global Eau De Parfum Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Global Eau De Parfum Price (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Applications (2015-2020) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) Figure Global Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Share by Application (2015-2020) Figure Global Men Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Global Women Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure North America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table North America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure North America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure United States Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Canada Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Mexico Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure North America COVID-19 Status Figure Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Europe Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Germany Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure United Kingdom Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure France Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Italy Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Spain Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Europe COVID-19 Status Figure Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure China Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Japan Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South Korea Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Southeast Asia Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure India Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status Figure Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) Table Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Middle East and Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Saudi Arabia Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure UAE Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South Africa Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South America Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table South America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption by Countries (2015-2020) Table South America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure South America Luxury Niche Perfume Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Brazil Luxury Niche Perfume Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Lalique Company Profile Table Lalique Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Lalique Production and Growth Rate Figure Lalique Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Mancera Company Profile Table Mancera Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Mancera Production and Growth Rate Figure Mancera Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Lancôme Company Profile Table Lancôme Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Lancôme Production and Growth Rate Figure Lancôme Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Chloe Company Profile Table Chloe Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Chloe Production and Growth Rate Figure Chloe Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Lattafa Company Profile Table Lattafa Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Lattafa Production and Growth Rate Figure Lattafa Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Alfred Dunhill Company Profile Table Alfred Dunhill Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Alfred Dunhill Production and Growth Rate Figure Alfred Dunhill Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Jaguar Company Profile Table Jaguar Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Jaguar Production and Growth Rate Figure Jaguar Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table ETRO Company Profile Table ETRO Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure ETRO Production and Growth Rate Figure ETRO Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Bottega Veneta Company Profile Table Bottega Veneta Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Bottega Veneta Production and Growth Rate Figure Bottega Veneta Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Chanel Company Profile Table Chanel Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Chanel Production and Growth Rate Figure Chanel Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Escentric Molecules Company Profile Table Escentric Molecules Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Escentric Molecules Production and Growth Rate Figure Escentric Molecules Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Guerlain Company Profile Table Guerlain Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Guerlain Production and Growth Rate Figure Guerlain Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Emper Company Profile Table Emper Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Emper Production and Growth Rate Figure Emper Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Hermès Company Profile Table Hermès Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Hermès Production and Growth Rate Figure Hermès Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Van Cleef & Arpels Company Profile Table Van Cleef & Arpels Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Van Cleef & Arpels Production and Growth Rate Figure Van Cleef & Arpels Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Boucheron Company Profile Table Boucheron Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Boucheron Production and Growth Rate Figure Boucheron Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table DIOR Company Profile Table DIOR Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure DIOR Production and Growth Rate Figure DIOR Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table ELIE SAAB Company Profile Table ELIE SAAB Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure ELIE SAAB Production and Growth Rate Figure ELIE SAAB Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Opio Company Profile Table Opio Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Opio Production and Growth Rate Figure Opio Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Arabian Oud Company Profile Table Arabian Oud Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Arabian Oud Production and Growth Rate Figure Arabian Oud Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Cosmo Company Profile Table Cosmo Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Cosmo Production and Growth Rate Figure Cosmo Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Montale Parfums Company Profile Table Montale Parfums Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Montale Parfums Production and Growth Rate Figure Montale Parfums Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Armaf Company Profile Table Armaf Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Armaf Production and Growth Rate Figure Armaf Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Tom Ford Company Profile Table Tom Ford Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Tom Ford Production and Growth Rate Figure Tom Ford Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Prada Company Profile Table Prada Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Prada Production and Growth Rate Figure Prada Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Roberto Cavalli Company Profile Table Roberto Cavalli Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Roberto Cavalli Production and Growth Rate Figure Roberto Cavalli Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Aramis Company Profile Table Aramis Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 Figure Aramis Production and Growth Rate Figure Aramis Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Figure North America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Europe Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Asia-Pacific Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Middle East and Africa Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure South America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Production by Types (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Production Share by Types (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Value ($) by Types (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Value Share by Types (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Consumption by Applications (2020-2025) Table Global Luxury Niche Perfume Market Forecast Consumption Share by Applications (2020-2025)