COVID-19 Outbreak-Global Composite Slate Roofing Industry Market Report-Development Trends, Threats, Opportunities and Competitive Landscape in 2020

SKU ID :Maia-15789156 | Published Date: 11-Jun-2020 | No. of pages: 105
Table of Content 1 Composite Slate Roofing Introduction and Market Overview 1.1 Objectives of the Study 1.2 Overview of Composite Slate Roofing 1.3 Scope of The Study 1.3.1 Key Market Segments 1.3.2 Players Covered 1.3.3 COVID-19's impact on the Composite Slate Roofing industry 1.4 Methodology of The Study 1.5 Research Data Source 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Market Overview 2.1.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Size, 2015 – 2020 2.1.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Size by Type, 2015 – 2020 2.1.3 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Size by Application, 2015 – 2020 2.1.4 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Size by Region, 2015 - 2025 2.2 Business Environment Analysis 2.2.1 Global COVID-19 Status and Economic Overview 2.2.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Composite Slate Roofing Industry Development 3 Industry Chain Analysis 3.1 Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Composite Slate Roofing Analysis 3.2 Major Players of Composite Slate Roofing 3.3 Composite Slate Roofing Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 3.3.1 Production Process Analysis 3.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Composite Slate Roofing 3.3.3 Labor Cost of Composite Slate Roofing 3.4 Market Distributors of Composite Slate Roofing 3.5 Major Downstream Buyers of Composite Slate Roofing Analysis 3.6 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain 3.7 Regional Import and Export Controls Will Exist for a Long Time 3.8 Continued downward PMI Spreads Globally 4 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market, by Type 4.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Value and Market Share by Type (2015-2020) 4.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020) 4.3 Global Composite Slate Roofing Value and Growth Rate by Type (2015-2020) 4.3.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Value and Growth Rate of Shingles 4.3.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Value and Growth Rate of Tiles 4.3.3 Global Composite Slate Roofing Value and Growth Rate of Shake 4.4 Global Composite Slate Roofing Price Analysis by Type (2015-2020) 5 Composite Slate Roofing Market, by Application 5.1 Downstream Market Overview 5.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 5.3 Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020) 5.3.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Growth Rate of Residential (2015-2020) 5.3.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Growth Rate of Non-Residential (2015-2020) 6 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Regions 6.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions 6.1.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Regions (2015-2020) 6.1.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Regions (2015-2020) 6.2 North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.3 Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.4 Asia-Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.5 Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.6 South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7 North America Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Countries 7.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market 7.2 North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 7.2.1 North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 7.2.2 North America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 7.3 United States Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.4 Canada Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.5 Mexico Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8 Europe Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Countries 8.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market 8.2 Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 8.2.1 Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 8.2.2 Europe Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 8.3 Germany Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.4 UK Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.5 France Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.6 Italy Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.7 Spain Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.8 Russia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9 Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Countries 9.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market 9.2 Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 9.2.1 Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 9.2.2 Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 9.3 China Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.4 Japan Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.5 South Korea Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.6 India Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.7 Southeast Asia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.8 Australia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10 Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Countries 10.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market 10.2 Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 10.2.1 Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 10.2.2 Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 10.3 Saudi Arabia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.4 UAE Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.5 Egypt Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.6 Nigeria Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.7 South Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 11 South America Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis by Countries 11.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market 11.2 South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 11.2.1 South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 11.2.2 South America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 11.3 Brazil Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 11.4 Argentina Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 11.5 Columbia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 11.6 Chile Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12 Competitive Landscape 12.1 Ply Gem Roofing 12.1.1 Ply Gem Roofing Basic Information 12.1.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.1.3 Ply Gem Roofing Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.2 Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing 12.2.1 Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Basic Information 12.2.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.2.3 Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.3 Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC 12.3.1 Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Basic Information 12.3.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.3.3 Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.4 EcoStar LLC. 12.4.1 EcoStar LLC. Basic Information 12.4.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.4.3 EcoStar LLC. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.5 Moderne Slate Roofing Systems 12.5.1 Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Basic Information 12.5.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.5.3 Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.6 Inspire Roofing Products 12.6.1 Inspire Roofing Products Basic Information 12.6.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.6.3 Inspire Roofing Products Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.7 Baker Roofing Company 12.7.1 Baker Roofing Company Basic Information 12.7.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.7.3 Baker Roofing Company Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.8 CertainTeed Corporation 12.8.1 CertainTeed Corporation Basic Information 12.8.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.8.3 CertainTeed Corporation Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.9 Brava Roof Tile 12.9.1 Brava Roof Tile Basic Information 12.9.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.9.3 Brava Roof Tile Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 12.10 DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC 12.10.1 DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Basic Information 12.10.2 Composite Slate Roofing Product Introduction 12.10.3 DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020 13 Industry Outlook 13.1 Market Driver Analysis 13.1.2 Market Restraints Analysis 13.1.3 Market Trends Analysis 13.2 Merger, Acquisition and New Investment 13.3 News of Product Release 14 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Forecast 14.1 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value & Volume Forecast, by Type (2020-2025) 14.1.1 Shingles Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025) 14.1.2 Tiles Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025) 14.1.3 Shake Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025) 14.2 Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value & Volume Forecast, by Application (2020-2025) 14.2.1 Residential Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025) 14.2.2 Non-Residential Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3 Composite Slate Roofing Market Analysis and Forecast by Region 14.3.1 North America Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3.2 Europe Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3.3 Asia Pacific Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3.4 Middle East and Africa Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025) 14.3.5 South America Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025) 15 New Project Feasibility Analysis 15.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis 15.1.1 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 15.1.2 New Entrants SWOT Analysis 15.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment  
List of Tables and Figures Figure Product Picture of Composite Slate Roofing Table Product Specification of Composite Slate Roofing Table Composite Slate Roofing Key Market Segments Table Key Players Composite Slate Roofing Covered Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Size, 2015 – 2025 Table Different Types of Composite Slate Roofing Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020 Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Share by Types in 2019 Table Different Applications of Composite Slate Roofing Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020 Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Share by Applications in 2019 Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Share by Regions in 2019 Figure North America Composite Slate Roofing Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Europe Composite Slate Roofing Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South America Composite Slate Roofing Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Table Global COVID-19 Status and Economic Overview Figure Global COVID-19 Status Figure COVID-19 Comparison of Major Countries Figure Industry Chain Analysis of Composite Slate Roofing Table Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Composite Slate Roofing with Contact Information Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Composite Slate Roofing Figure Major Players Production Value Market Share of Composite Slate Roofing in 2019 Table Major Players Composite Slate Roofing Product Types in 2019 Figure Production Process of Composite Slate Roofing Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Composite Slate Roofing Figure Channel Status of Composite Slate Roofing Table Major Distributors of Composite Slate Roofing with Contact Information Table Major Downstream Buyers of Composite Slate Roofing with Contact Information Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) by Type (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Value Share by Type (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value Share by Type (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Production by Type (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Production Share by Type (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Production Share by Type (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) and Growth Rate of Shingles (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) and Growth Rate of Tiles (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Value ($) and Growth Rate of Shake (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Price by Type (2015-2020) Figure Downstream Market Overview Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption by Application (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Growth Rate of Residential (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Consumption and Growth Rate of Non-Residential (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020) Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2015 Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019 Figure North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Asia-Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure North America COVID-19 Status Figure North America COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Major Distribution Figure North America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020) Table North America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure United States Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Canada Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Mexico Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Europe COVID-19 Status Figure Europe COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Major Distribution Figure Europe Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Europe Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Germany Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure UK Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure France Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Italy Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Spain Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Russia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status Figure Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Asia Pacific Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure China Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Japan Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure South Korea Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure India Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Southeast Asia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Australia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Middle East Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table Middle East Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Table Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020) Table Middle East and Africa Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Saudi Arabia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure UAE Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Egypt Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Nigeria Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure South Africa Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure South America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020) Table South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales by Countries (2015-2020) Table South America Composite Slate Roofing Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Table South America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020) Table South America Composite Slate Roofing Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020) Figure Brazil Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Argentina Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) Figure Columbia Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Chile Composite Slate Roofing Sales and Growth (2015-2020) Figure Top 3 Market Share of Composite Slate Roofing Companies in 2019 Figure Top 6 Market Share of Composite Slate Roofing Companies in 2019 Table Major Players Production Value ($) Share (2015-2020) Table Ply Gem Roofing Profile Table Ply Gem Roofing Product Introduction Figure Ply Gem Roofing Production and Growth Rate Figure Ply Gem Roofing Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Profile Table Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Product Introduction Figure Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Production and Growth Rate Figure Enviroshake Quality Engineered Roofing Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Profile Table Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Product Introduction Figure Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Production and Growth Rate Figure Colorado Roofing Contractors, LLC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table EcoStar LLC. Profile Table EcoStar LLC. Product Introduction Figure EcoStar LLC. Production and Growth Rate Figure EcoStar LLC. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Profile Table Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Product Introduction Figure Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Production and Growth Rate Figure Moderne Slate Roofing Systems Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Inspire Roofing Products Profile Table Inspire Roofing Products Product Introduction Figure Inspire Roofing Products Production and Growth Rate Figure Inspire Roofing Products Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Baker Roofing Company Profile Table Baker Roofing Company Product Introduction Figure Baker Roofing Company Production and Growth Rate Figure Baker Roofing Company Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table CertainTeed Corporation Profile Table CertainTeed Corporation Product Introduction Figure CertainTeed Corporation Production and Growth Rate Figure CertainTeed Corporation Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Brava Roof Tile Profile Table Brava Roof Tile Product Introduction Figure Brava Roof Tile Production and Growth Rate Figure Brava Roof Tile Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Profile Table DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Product Introduction Figure DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Production and Growth Rate Figure DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020 Table Market Driving Factors of Composite Slate Roofing Table Merger, Acquisition and New Investment Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value ($) Forecast, by Type Table Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Volume Forecast, by Type Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Shingles (2020-2025) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Volume ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Shingles (2020-2025) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Tiles (2020-2025) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Volume ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Tiles (2020-2025) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Shake (2020-2025) Figure Global Composite Slate Roofing Market Volume ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Shake (2020-2025) Table Global Market Value ($) Forecast by Application (2020-2025) Table Global Market Volume Forecast by Application (2020-2025) Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Residential (2020-2025) Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Residential (2020-2025) Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Non-Residential (2020-2025) Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Non-Residential (2020-2025) Figure North America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure North America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Europe Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Europe Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Asia Pacific Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Asia Pacific Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Middle East and Africa Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Middle East and Africa Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure South America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure South America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025) Figure Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Table New Entrants SWOT Analysis Table New Project Analysis of Investment Recovery
  • PRICE
  • $3660
    $7320
    $5000
    Buy Now

Our Clients