Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Professional Survey Report 2019

SKU ID :QYR-14867784 | Published Date: 06-Nov-2019 | No. of pages: 109
Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Industry Overview of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 1.1 Definition of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 1.2 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025) 1.2.2 Flexible Foam 1.2.3 Spray Foam 1.2.4 Rigid Foam 1.3 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Segment by Applications 1.3.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025) 1.3.2 Residential Construction 1.3.3 Non-Residential 1.3.4 Oil & Gas 1.3.5 Automotive 1.3.6 Others 1.4 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Overall Market 1.4.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue (2014-2025) 1.4.2 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (2014-2025) 1.4.3 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.4 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.5 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.6 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 1.4.8 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Status and Prospect (2014-2025) 2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers 2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date 3.2 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Manufacturing Plants Distribution 3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Polyurethane Foam Insulation 3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans 4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers 4.1 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production and Capacity Analysis 4.2 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Analysis 4.3 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Price Analysis 4.4 Market Concentration Degree 5 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Regional Market Analysis 5.1 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production by Regions 5.1.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production by Regions 5.1.2 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue by Regions 5.2 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption by Regions 5.3 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.3.1 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.3.2 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America 5.3.4 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 5.4 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.4.1 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.4.2 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe 5.4.4 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 5.5 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.5.1 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.5.2 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China 5.5.4 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 5.6 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.6.1 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.6.2 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan 5.6.4 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 5.7 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.7.1 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.7.2 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia 5.7.4 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 5.8 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Analysis 5.8.1 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production 5.8.2 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue 5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India 5.8.4 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Import and Export 6 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Segment Market Analysis (by Type) 6.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production by Type 6.2 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue by Type 6.3 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Price by Type 7 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Segment Market Analysis (by Application) 7.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption by Application 7.2 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 8 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Major Manufacturers Analysis 8.1 BASF 8.1.1 BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.1.2 BASF Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.1.3 BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.2 Bayer 8.2.1 Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.2.2 Bayer Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.2.3 Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.3 Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain 8.3.1 Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.3.2 Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.3.3 Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.4 Ekisui Chemical 8.4.1 Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.4.2 Ekisui Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.4.3 Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.5 Huntsman 8.5.1 Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.5.2 Huntsman Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.5.3 Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.6 Nitto Denko 8.6.1 Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.6.2 Nitto Denko Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.6.3 Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.7 The DOW Chemical 8.7.1 The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.7.2 The DOW Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.7.3 The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.8 Tosoh 8.8.1 Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.8.2 Tosoh Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.8.3 Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.9 Trelleborg 8.9.1 Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.9.2 Trelleborg Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.9.3 Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served 8.10 Wanhua Chemical 8.10.1 Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served 8.10.2 Wanhua Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification 8.10.3 Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served 9 Development Trend of Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market 9.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Trend Analysis 9.1.1 Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025 9.2 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Regional Market Trend 9.2.1 North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.2 Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.3 China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.4 Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.5 Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.2.6 India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Forecast 2019-2025 9.3 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Trend (Product Type) 9.4 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Trend (Application) 10.1 Marketing Channel 10.1.1 Direct Marketing 10.1.2 Indirect Marketing 10.3 Polyurethane Foam Insulation Customers 11 Market Dynamics 11.1 Market Trends 11.2 Opportunities 11.3 Market Drivers 11.4 Challenges 11.5 Influence Factors 12 Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology/Research Approach 13.1.1 Research Programs/Design 13.1.2 Market Size Estimation 13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 13.2 Data Source 13.2.1 Secondary Sources 13.2.2 Primary Sources 13.3 Author List 13.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures Figure Picture of Polyurethane Foam Insulation Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025) Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share by Types in 2018 Figure Flexible Foam Product Picture Figure Spray Foam Product Picture Figure Rigid Foam Product Picture Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025) Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018 Figure Residential Construction Figure Non-Residential Figure Oil & Gas Figure Automotive Figure Others Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT) (2014-2025) Figure North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Figure India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025) Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Raw Material and Suppliers Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation in 2018 Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Insulation Figure Industry Chain Structure of Polyurethane Foam Insulation Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Manufacturing Plants Distribution Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Figure Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018 Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019) Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT) Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018 Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT) Table Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019 Figure North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT) Figure India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD) Table India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT) Figure Global Consumption Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Figure Global Value (Consumption) Polyurethane Foam Insulation Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table BASF Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Bayer Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Ekisui Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Huntsman Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Nitto Denko Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table The DOW Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Tosoh Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Trelleborg Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Sites and Area Served Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Product Introduction, Application and Specification Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate (2014-2019) Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Market Share (2014-2019) Figure Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Market Share (2014-2019) Table Wanhua Chemical Polyurethane Foam Insulation Main Business and Markets Served Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 Figure Global Polyurethane Foam Insulation Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025 Figure North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure North America Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure Europe Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure China Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure Japan Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure Southeast Asia Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Figure India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) Figure India Polyurethane Foam Insulation Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD) Table Global Production (K MT) of Polyurethane Foam Insulation by Type (2019-2025) Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Polyurethane Foam Insulation by Application (2019-2025) Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Distributors List Table Polyurethane Foam Insulation Customers List Table Market Key Trends Table Key Opportunities Table Market Key Drivers Table Key Challenges Table Key Influence Factors Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
BASF Bayer Compagnie DE Saint-Gobain Ekisui Chemical Huntsman Nitto Denko The DOW Chemical Tosoh Trelleborg Wanhua Chemical
  • PRICE
  • $3500
    $7000
    $5250
    Buy Now

Our Clients