Table of Contents 1 Stereo Lithography Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Stereo Lithography 1.2 Stereo Lithography Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026) 1.2.2 The Market Profile of Argon 1.2.3 The Market Profile of Nitrogen 1.3 Global Stereo Lithography Segment by Application 1.3.1 Stereo Lithography Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) 1.3.2 The Market Profile of Design 1.3.3 The Market Profile of Manufacturing industry 1.3.4 The Market Profile of Medical care 1.3.5 The Market Profile of Consumer products 1.4 Global Stereo Lithography Market by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.1 Global Stereo Lithography Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.2 United States Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3 Europe Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.1 Germany Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.2 UK Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.3 France Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.4 Italy Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.5 Spain Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.6 Russia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.7 Poland Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.4 China Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.5 Japan Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.6 India Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.1 Malaysia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.2 Singapore Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.3 Philippines Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.4 Indonesia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.5 Thailand Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.6 Vietnam Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8 Central and South America Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.1 Brazil Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.2 Mexico Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.3 Colombia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.3 Turkey Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.4 Egypt Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.5 South Africa Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.6 Nigeria Stereo Lithography Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Stereo Lithography (2014-2026) 1.5.1 Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 1.5.2 Global Stereo Lithography Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 2 Global Stereo Lithography Market Landscape by Player 2.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production and Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.2 Global Stereo Lithography Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.3 Global Stereo Lithography Average Price by Player (2014-2019) 2.4 Stereo Lithography Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player 2.5 Stereo Lithography Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Stereo Lithography Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Stereo Lithography Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Players Profiles 3.1 Air Liquide S.A. (France) 3.1.1 Air Liquide S.A. (France) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.1.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.1.3 Air Liquide S.A. (France) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.1.4 Air Liquide S.A. (France) Business Overview 3.2 Linde Ag (Germany) 3.2.1 Linde Ag (Germany) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.2.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.2.3 Linde Ag (Germany) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.2.4 Linde Ag (Germany) Business Overview 3.3 BASF SE (Germany) 3.3.1 BASF SE (Germany) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.3.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.3.3 BASF SE (Germany) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.3.4 BASF SE (Germany) Business Overview 3.4 Iwatani Corporation (Japan) 3.4.1 Iwatani Corporation (Japan) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.4.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.4.3 Iwatani Corporation (Japan) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.4.4 Iwatani Corporation (Japan) Business Overview 3.5 Praxair Inc. (U.S.) 3.5.1 Praxair Inc. (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.5.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.5.3 Praxair Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.5.4 Praxair Inc. (U.S.) Business Overview 3.6 Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) 3.6.1 Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.6.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.6.3 Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.6.4 Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) Business Overview 3.7 Messer Group (Germany) 3.7.1 Messer Group (Germany) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.7.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.7.3 Messer Group (Germany) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.7.4 Messer Group (Germany) Business Overview 3.8 Airgas Inc. (U.S.) 3.8.1 Airgas Inc. (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.8.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.8.3 Airgas Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.8.4 Airgas Inc. (U.S.) Business Overview 3.9 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) 3.9.1 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.9.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.9.3 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.9.4 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) Business Overview 3.10 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) 3.10.1 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.10.2 Stereo Lithography Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.10.3 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.10.4 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) Business Overview 4 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type 4.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.2 Global Stereo Lithography Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.3 Global Stereo Lithography Price by Type (2014-2019) 4.4 Global Stereo Lithography Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019) 4.4.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production Growth Rate of Argon (2014-2019) 4.4.2 Global Stereo Lithography Production Growth Rate of Nitrogen (2014-2019) 5 Global Stereo Lithography Market Analysis by Application 5.1 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 5.2 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019) 5.2.1 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Growth Rate of Design (2014-2019) 5.2.2 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Growth Rate of Manufacturing industry (2014-2019) 5.2.3 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Growth Rate of Medical care (2014-2019) 5.2.4 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Growth Rate of Consumer products (2014-2019) 6 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019) 6.1 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption by Region (2014-2019) 6.2 United States Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.3 Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.4 China Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.5 Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.6 India Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.7 Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.8 Central and South America Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.9 Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 7 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019) 7.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.2 Global Stereo Lithography Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.3 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.4 United States Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.5 Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.6 China Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.7 Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.8 India Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.9 Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.10 Central and South America Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.11 Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8 Stereo Lithography Manufacturing Analysis 8.1 Stereo Lithography Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction 8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis 8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stereo Lithography 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 9.1 Stereo Lithography Industrial Chain Analysis 9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Stereo Lithography Major Players in 2018 9.3 Downstream Buyers 10 Market Dynamics 10.1 Drivers 10.2 Restraints 10.3 Opportunities 10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Stereo Lithography 10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets 10.4 Challenges 10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better 10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices 10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants 10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes 10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 11 Global Stereo Lithography Market Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.1 Global Stereo Lithography Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.2 Global Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.3 Global Stereo Lithography Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026) 11.2.1 United States Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.2 Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.3 China Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.4 Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.5 India Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.6 Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.7 Central and South America Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.3 Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026) 11.4 Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026) 12 Research Findings and Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology 13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures Figure Stereo Lithography Product Picture Table Global Stereo Lithography Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type Table Profile of Argon Table Profile of Nitrogen Table Stereo Lithography Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) Table Profile of Design Table Profile of Manufacturing industry Table Profile of Medical care Table Profile of Consumer products Figure Global Stereo Lithography Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026) Figure United States Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Europe Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Germany Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure UK Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure France Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Italy Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Spain Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Russia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Poland Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure China Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Japan Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure India Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Malaysia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Singapore Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Philippines Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Indonesia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Thailand Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Vietnam Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Central and South America Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Brazil Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Mexico Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Colombia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Saudi Arabia Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure United Arab Emirates Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Turkey Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Egypt Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure South Africa Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Nigeria Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production by Player (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production Share by Player (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Share by Player in 2018 Table Stereo Lithography Revenue by Player (2014-2019) Table Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019) Table Stereo Lithography Price by Player (2014-2019) Table Stereo Lithography Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player Table Stereo Lithography Product Type by Player Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Air Liquide S.A. (France) Profile Table Air Liquide S.A. (France) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Linde Ag (Germany) Profile Table Linde Ag (Germany) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table BASF SE (Germany) Profile Table BASF SE (Germany) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Iwatani Corporation (Japan) Profile Table Iwatani Corporation (Japan) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Praxair Inc. (U.S.) Profile Table Praxair Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) Profile Table Iceblick Ltd. (Ukraine) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Messer Group (Germany) Profile Table Messer Group (Germany) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Airgas Inc. (U.S.) Profile Table Airgas Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) Profile Table Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) Profile Table Matheson Tri-Gas Inc. (U.S.) Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Stereo Lithography Price by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Growth Rate of Argon (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Growth Rate of Nitrogen (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption of Design (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption of Manufacturing industry (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption of Medical care (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption of Consumer products (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Table United States Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table China Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table India Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table United States Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table China Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table India Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Stereo Lithography Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stereo Lithography Figure Stereo Lithography Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Stereo Lithography Major Players in 2018 Table Downstream Buyers Figure Global Stereo Lithography Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Stereo Lithography Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) Table United States Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Europe Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table China Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Japan Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table India Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Middle East and Africa Stereo Lithography Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Global Stereo Lithography Market Production Forecast, by Type Table Global Stereo Lithography Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Stereo Lithography Market Revenue Forecast, by Type Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Stereo Lithography Price Forecast, by Type Table Global Stereo Lithography Market Production Forecast, by Application Table Global Stereo Lithography Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Stereo Lithography Market Revenue Forecast, by Application Table Global Stereo Lithography Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Stereo Lithography Price Forecast, by Application