Table of Contents 1 Cartridge Filters Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Cartridge Filters 1.2 Cartridge Filters Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026) 1.2.2 The Market Profile of Wound cartridge filters 1.2.3 The Market Profile of Activated carbon cartridge filters 1.2.4 The Market Profile of Stainless steel cartridge filters 1.2.5 The Market Profile of Oil-Block cartridge filters 1.2.6 The Market Profile of Melt-Blown cartridge filters 1.2.7 The Market Profile of Others 1.3 Global Cartridge Filters Segment by Application 1.3.1 Cartridge Filters Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) 1.3.2 The Market Profile of Pre RO water 1.3.3 The Market Profile of Chemicals 1.3.4 The Market Profile of Beverages 1.3.5 The Market Profile of Others 1.4 Global Cartridge Filters Market by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.1 Global Cartridge Filters Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.2 United States Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3 Europe Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.1 Germany Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.2 UK Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.3 France Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.4 Italy Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.5 Spain Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.6 Russia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.7 Poland Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.4 China Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.5 Japan Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.6 India Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.1 Malaysia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.2 Singapore Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.3 Philippines Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.4 Indonesia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.5 Thailand Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.6 Vietnam Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8 Central and South America Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.1 Brazil Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.2 Mexico Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.3 Colombia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.3 Turkey Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.4 Egypt Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.5 South Africa Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.6 Nigeria Cartridge Filters Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Cartridge Filters (2014-2026) 1.5.1 Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 1.5.2 Global Cartridge Filters Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 2 Global Cartridge Filters Market Landscape by Player 2.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production and Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.2 Global Cartridge Filters Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.3 Global Cartridge Filters Average Price by Player (2014-2019) 2.4 Cartridge Filters Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player 2.5 Cartridge Filters Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Cartridge Filters Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Cartridge Filters Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Players Profiles 3.1 3M 3.1.1 3M Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.1.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.1.3 3M Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.1.4 3M Business Overview 3.2 Fil-Trek Corporation 3.2.1 Fil-Trek Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.2.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.2.3 Fil-Trek Corporation Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.2.4 Fil-Trek Corporation Business Overview 3.3 General Electric 3.3.1 General Electric Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.3.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.3.3 General Electric Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.3.4 General Electric Business Overview 3.4 Parker Hannifin 3.4.1 Parker Hannifin Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.4.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.4.3 Parker Hannifin Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.4.4 Parker Hannifin Business Overview 3.5 Lenntech B.V. 3.5.1 Lenntech B.V. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.5.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.5.3 Lenntech B.V. Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.5.4 Lenntech B.V. Business Overview 3.6 Brita 3.6.1 Brita Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.6.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.6.3 Brita Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.6.4 Brita Business Overview 3.7 Pall 3.7.1 Pall Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.7.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.7.3 Pall Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.7.4 Pall Business Overview 3.8 Clarcor 3.8.1 Clarcor Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.8.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.8.3 Clarcor Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.8.4 Clarcor Business Overview 3.9 Sartorius 3.9.1 Sartorius Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.9.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.9.3 Sartorius Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.9.4 Sartorius Business Overview 3.10 Merck KGaA 3.10.1 Merck KGaA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.10.2 Cartridge Filters Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.10.3 Merck KGaA Cartridge Filters Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.10.4 Merck KGaA Business Overview 4 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type 4.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.2 Global Cartridge Filters Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.3 Global Cartridge Filters Price by Type (2014-2019) 4.4 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019) 4.4.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Wound cartridge filters (2014-2019) 4.4.2 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Activated carbon cartridge filters (2014-2019) 4.4.3 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Stainless steel cartridge filters (2014-2019) 4.4.4 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Oil-Block cartridge filters (2014-2019) 4.4.5 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Melt-Blown cartridge filters (2014-2019) 4.4.6 Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Others (2014-2019) 5 Global Cartridge Filters Market Analysis by Application 5.1 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 5.2 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019) 5.2.1 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Growth Rate of Pre RO water (2014-2019) 5.2.2 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Growth Rate of Chemicals (2014-2019) 5.2.3 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Growth Rate of Beverages (2014-2019) 5.2.4 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Growth Rate of Others (2014-2019) 6 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019) 6.1 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption by Region (2014-2019) 6.2 United States Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.3 Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.4 China Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.5 Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.6 India Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.7 Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.8 Central and South America Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.9 Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 7 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019) 7.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.2 Global Cartridge Filters Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.3 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.4 United States Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.5 Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.6 China Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.7 Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.8 India Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.9 Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.10 Central and South America Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.11 Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8 Cartridge Filters Manufacturing Analysis 8.1 Cartridge Filters Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction 8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis 8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cartridge Filters 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 9.1 Cartridge Filters Industrial Chain Analysis 9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Cartridge Filters Major Players in 2018 9.3 Downstream Buyers 10 Market Dynamics 10.1 Drivers 10.2 Restraints 10.3 Opportunities 10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Cartridge Filters 10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets 10.4 Challenges 10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better 10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices 10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants 10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes 10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 11 Global Cartridge Filters Market Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.1 Global Cartridge Filters Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.2 Global Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.3 Global Cartridge Filters Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026) 11.2.1 United States Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.2 Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.3 China Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.4 Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.5 India Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.6 Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.7 Central and South America Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.3 Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026) 11.4 Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026) 12 Research Findings and Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology 13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures Figure Cartridge Filters Product Picture Table Global Cartridge Filters Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type Table Profile of Wound cartridge filters Table Profile of Activated carbon cartridge filters Table Profile of Stainless steel cartridge filters Table Profile of Oil-Block cartridge filters Table Profile of Melt-Blown cartridge filters Table Profile of Others Table Cartridge Filters Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) Table Profile of Pre RO water Table Profile of Chemicals Table Profile of Beverages Table Profile of Others Figure Global Cartridge Filters Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026) Figure United States Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Europe Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Germany Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure UK Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure France Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Italy Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Spain Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Russia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Poland Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure China Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Japan Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure India Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Malaysia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Singapore Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Philippines Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Indonesia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Thailand Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Vietnam Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Central and South America Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Brazil Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Mexico Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Colombia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Saudi Arabia Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure United Arab Emirates Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Turkey Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Egypt Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure South Africa Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Nigeria Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production by Player (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production Share by Player (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Share by Player in 2018 Table Cartridge Filters Revenue by Player (2014-2019) Table Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019) Table Cartridge Filters Price by Player (2014-2019) Table Cartridge Filters Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player Table Cartridge Filters Product Type by Player Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table 3M Profile Table 3M Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Fil-Trek Corporation Profile Table Fil-Trek Corporation Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table General Electric Profile Table General Electric Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Parker Hannifin Profile Table Parker Hannifin Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Lenntech B.V. Profile Table Lenntech B.V. Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Brita Profile Table Brita Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Pall Profile Table Pall Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Clarcor Profile Table Clarcor Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Sartorius Profile Table Sartorius Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Merck KGaA Profile Table Merck KGaA Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Cartridge Filters Price by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Wound cartridge filters (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Activated carbon cartridge filters (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Stainless steel cartridge filters (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Oil-Block cartridge filters (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Melt-Blown cartridge filters (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Growth Rate of Others (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption of Pre RO water (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption of Chemicals (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption of Beverages (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption of Others (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Table United States Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table China Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table India Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table United States Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table China Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table India Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Cartridge Filters Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cartridge Filters Figure Cartridge Filters Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Cartridge Filters Major Players in 2018 Table Downstream Buyers Figure Global Cartridge Filters Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Cartridge Filters Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) Table United States Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Europe Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table China Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Japan Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table India Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Middle East and Africa Cartridge Filters Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Global Cartridge Filters Market Production Forecast, by Type Table Global Cartridge Filters Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Cartridge Filters Market Revenue Forecast, by Type Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Cartridge Filters Price Forecast, by Type Table Global Cartridge Filters Market Production Forecast, by Application Table Global Cartridge Filters Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Cartridge Filters Market Revenue Forecast, by Application Table Global Cartridge Filters Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Cartridge Filters Price Forecast, by Application