Table of Contents 1 Glass Ceramics Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Glass Ceramics 1.2 Glass Ceramics Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (2014-2026) 1.2.2 The Market Profile of Type 1 1.2.3 The Market Profile of Type 2 1.2.4 The Market Profile of Type 3 1.3 Global Glass Ceramics Segment by Application 1.3.1 Glass Ceramics Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) 1.3.2 The Market Profile of Application 1 1.3.3 The Market Profile of Application 2 1.3.4 The Market Profile of Application 3 1.4 Global Glass Ceramics Market by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.1 Global Glass Ceramics Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2014-2026) 1.4.2 United States Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3 Europe Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.1 Germany Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.2 UK Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.3 France Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.4 Italy Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.5 Spain Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.6 Russia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.3.7 Poland Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.4 China Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.5 Japan Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.6 India Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7 Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.1 Malaysia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.2 Singapore Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.3 Philippines Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.4 Indonesia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.5 Thailand Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.7.6 Vietnam Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8 Central and South America Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.1 Brazil Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.2 Mexico Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.8.3 Colombia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.1 Saudi Arabia Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.2 United Arab Emirates Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.3 Turkey Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.4 Egypt Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.5 South Africa Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.4.9.6 Nigeria Glass Ceramics Market Status and Prospect (2014-2026) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Glass Ceramics (2014-2026) 1.5.1 Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 1.5.2 Global Glass Ceramics Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) 2 Global Glass Ceramics Market Landscape by Player 2.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production and Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.2 Global Glass Ceramics Revenue and Market Share by Player (2014-2019) 2.3 Global Glass Ceramics Average Price by Player (2014-2019) 2.4 Glass Ceramics Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player 2.5 Glass Ceramics Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Glass Ceramics Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Glass Ceramics Market Share of Top 3 and Top 6 Players 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Players Profiles 3.1 Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic 3.1.1 Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.1.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.1.3 Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.1.4 Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic Business Overview 3.2 Fast East Opto 3.2.1 Fast East Opto Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.2.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.2.3 Fast East Opto Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.2.4 Fast East Opto Business Overview 3.3 Nippon Electric Glass 3.3.1 Nippon Electric Glass Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.3.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.3.3 Nippon Electric Glass Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.3.4 Nippon Electric Glass Business Overview 3.4 Ohara Corporation 3.4.1 Ohara Corporation Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.4.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.4.3 Ohara Corporation Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.4.4 Ohara Corporation Business Overview 3.5 Corning(Eurokera) 3.5.1 Corning(Eurokera) Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.5.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.5.3 Corning(Eurokera) Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.5.4 Corning(Eurokera) Business Overview 3.6 ILVA Glass SpA 3.6.1 ILVA Glass SpA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.6.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.6.3 ILVA Glass SpA Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.6.4 ILVA Glass SpA Business Overview 3.7 Huzhou Tahsiang 3.7.1 Huzhou Tahsiang Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.7.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.7.3 Huzhou Tahsiang Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.7.4 Huzhou Tahsiang Business Overview 3.8 Dongguan Hongtai 3.8.1 Dongguan Hongtai Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.8.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.8.3 Dongguan Hongtai Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.8.4 Dongguan Hongtai Business Overview 3.9 Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial 3.9.1 Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.9.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.9.3 Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.9.4 Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial Business Overview 3.10 Schott 3.10.1 Schott Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.10.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.10.3 Schott Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.10.4 Schott Business Overview 3.11 Jingniu Crystallite 3.11.1 Jingniu Crystallite Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors 3.11.2 Glass Ceramics Product Profiles, Application and Specification 3.11.3 Jingniu Crystallite Glass Ceramics Market Performance (2014-2019) 3.11.4 Jingniu Crystallite Business Overview 4 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type 4.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.2 Global Glass Ceramics Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019) 4.3 Global Glass Ceramics Price by Type (2014-2019) 4.4 Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate by Type (2014-2019) 4.4.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 1 (2014-2019) 4.4.2 Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 2 (2014-2019) 4.4.3 Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 3 (2014-2019) 5 Global Glass Ceramics Market Analysis by Application 5.1 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption and Market Share by Application (2014-2019) 5.2 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2014-2019) 5.2.1 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Growth Rate of Application 1 (2014-2019) 5.2.2 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Growth Rate of Application 2 (2014-2019) 5.2.3 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Growth Rate of Application 3 (2014-2019) 6 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2014-2019) 6.1 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption by Region (2014-2019) 6.2 United States Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.3 Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.4 China Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.5 Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.6 India Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.7 Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.8 Central and South America Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 6.9 Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) 7 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2014-2019) 7.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.2 Global Glass Ceramics Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2014-2019) 7.3 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.4 United States Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.5 Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.6 China Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.7 Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.8 India Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.9 Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.10 Central and South America Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 7.11 Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) 8 Glass Ceramics Manufacturing Analysis 8.1 Glass Ceramics Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials Introduction 8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 8.2 Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.2.1 Labor Cost Analysis 8.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glass Ceramics 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 9.1 Glass Ceramics Industrial Chain Analysis 9.2 Raw Materials Sources of Glass Ceramics Major Players in 2018 9.3 Downstream Buyers 10 Market Dynamics 10.1 Drivers 10.2 Restraints 10.3 Opportunities 10.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for Glass Ceramics 10.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets 10.4 Challenges 10.4.1 The Performance of Alternative Product Type is Getting Better and Better 10.4.2 Price Variance Caused by Fluctuations in Raw Material Prices 10.5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 10.5.1 Threat of New Entrants 10.5.2 Threat of Substitutes 10.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 10.5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 11 Global Glass Ceramics Market Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.1 Global Glass Ceramics Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.2 Global Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) 11.1.3 Global Glass Ceramics Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast by Region (2019-2026) 11.2.1 United States Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.2 Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.3 China Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.4 Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.5 India Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.6 Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.7 Central and South America Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.2.8 Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) 11.3 Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2019-2026) 11.4 Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Forecast by Application (2019-2026) 12 Research Findings and Conclusion 13 Appendix 13.1 Methodology 13.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures Figure Glass Ceramics Product Picture Table Global Glass Ceramics Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type Table Profile of Type 1 Table Profile of Type 2 Table Profile of Type 3 Table Glass Ceramics Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2014-2026) Table Profile of Application 1 Table Profile of Application 2 Table Profile of Application 3 Figure Global Glass Ceramics Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) (2014-2026) Figure United States Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Europe Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Germany Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure UK Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure France Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Italy Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Spain Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Russia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Poland Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure China Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Japan Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure India Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Malaysia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Singapore Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Philippines Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Indonesia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Thailand Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Vietnam Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Central and South America Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Brazil Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Mexico Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Colombia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Saudi Arabia Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure United Arab Emirates Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Turkey Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Egypt Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure South Africa Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Nigeria Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2026) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Status and Outlook (2014-2026) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production by Player (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production Share by Player (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Share by Player in 2018 Table Glass Ceramics Revenue by Player (2014-2019) Table Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Player (2014-2019) Table Glass Ceramics Price by Player (2014-2019) Table Glass Ceramics Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area by Player Table Glass Ceramics Product Type by Player Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic Profile Table Wenzhou Kanger Glass Glass-ceramic Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Fast East Opto Profile Table Fast East Opto Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Nippon Electric Glass Profile Table Nippon Electric Glass Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Ohara Corporation Profile Table Ohara Corporation Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Corning(Eurokera) Profile Table Corning(Eurokera) Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table ILVA Glass SpA Profile Table ILVA Glass SpA Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Huzhou Tahsiang Profile Table Huzhou Tahsiang Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Dongguan Hongtai Profile Table Dongguan Hongtai Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial Profile Table Puning KEDI Glass-ceramic lndustrial Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Schott Profile Table Schott Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Jingniu Crystallite Profile Table Jingniu Crystallite Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue by Type (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Type in 2018 Table Glass Ceramics Price by Type (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 1 (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 2 (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Growth Rate of Type 3 (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption of Application 1 (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption of Application 2 (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption of Application 3 (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Consumption Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Table United States Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table China Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table India Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue by Region (2014-2019) Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Region (2014-2019) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share by Region in 2018 Table Global Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table United States Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table China Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table India Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Central and South America Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019) Table Key Raw Materials Introduction of Glass Ceramics Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glass Ceramics Figure Glass Ceramics Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Glass Ceramics Major Players in 2018 Table Downstream Buyers Figure Global Glass Ceramics Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2026) Figure Global Glass Ceramics Price and Trend Forecast (2019-2026) Table United States Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Europe Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table China Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Japan Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table India Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Southeast Asia Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Middle East and Africa Glass Ceramics Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2019-2026) Table Global Glass Ceramics Market Production Forecast, by Type Table Global Glass Ceramics Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Glass Ceramics Market Revenue Forecast, by Type Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Type Table Global Glass Ceramics Price Forecast, by Type Table Global Glass Ceramics Market Production Forecast, by Application Table Global Glass Ceramics Production Volume Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Glass Ceramics Market Revenue Forecast, by Application Table Global Glass Ceramics Revenue Market Share Forecast, by Application Table Global Glass Ceramics Price Forecast, by Application