COVID-19's impact to Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
SKU ID : MMI-16329342 | Publishing Date : 31-Aug-2020 | No. of pages : 134
Detailed TOC of COVID-19's impact to Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
Table of ContentsGlobal 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
1 Market Overview
1.1 4-way Solenoid Valve Definition
1.1.1 Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.1.2 Years Considered
1.2 4-way Solenoid Valve Segment by Type
1.2.1 Stainless Steel
1.2.2 Brass
1.2.3 Aluminium
1.2.4 Plastic
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Oil & Gas
1.3.2 Chemical & Petrochemical
1.3.3 Water & Wastewater
1.3.4 Food & Beverages
1.3.5 Power Generation
1.3.6 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.7 Automotive
1.3.8 Medical
1.3.9 Others
1.4 Overview of Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market
1.4.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (2015-2025)
1.4.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Production and Capacity (2015-2025)
1.4.3 North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.4.4 Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.4.5 Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 China 4-way Solenoid Valve Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.5 Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Market Opportunities
1.5.2 Market Risk
1.5.3 Market Driving Force
1.5.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
1.5.5 SWOT Analysis
1.6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): 4-way Solenoid Valve Industry Impact
1.6.1 How the Covid-19 is Affecting the 4-way Solenoid Valve Industry
1.6.2 4-way Solenoid Valve Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
1.6.3 Market Trends and 4-way Solenoid Valve Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
1.6.4 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Competition by Manufacturer
2.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
2.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
2.3 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.4 Top 5 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturer Market Share
2.5 Top 10 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturer Market Share
2.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into 4-way Solenoid Valve Market
2.7 Key Manufacturers 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Offered
2.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
3 Analysis of 4-way Solenoid Valve Industry Key Manufacturers
3.1 ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.)
3.1.1 Company Details
3.1.2 Product Information
3.1.3 ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.1.4 Main Business Overview
3.1.5 ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) News
3.2 Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
3.2.1 Company Details
3.2.2 Product Information
3.2.3 Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.2.4 Main Business Overview
3.2.5 Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) News
3.3 Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.)
3.3.1 Company Details
3.3.2 Product Information
3.3.3 Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.3.4 Main Business Overview
3.3.5 Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) News
3.4 Danfoss A/S (Denmark)
3.4.1 Company Details
3.4.2 Product Information
3.4.3 Danfoss A/S (Denmark) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.4.4 Main Business Overview
3.4.5 Danfoss A/S (Denmark) News
3.5 GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
3.5.1 Company Details
3.5.2 Product Information
3.5.3 GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.5.4 Main Business Overview
3.5.5 GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) News
3.6 CEME S.p.A. (Italy)
3.6.1 Company Details
3.6.2 Product Information
3.6.3 CEME S.p.A. (Italy) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.6.4 Main Business Overview
3.6.5 CEME S.p.A. (Italy) News
3.7 CKD Corporation (Japan)
3.7.1 Company Details
3.7.2 Product Information
3.7.3 CKD Corporation (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.7.4 Main Business Overview
3.7.5 CKD Corporation (Japan) News
3.8 ODE S.r.l. (Italy)
3.8.1 Company Details
3.8.2 Product Information
3.8.3 ODE S.r.l. (Italy) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.8.4 Main Business Overview
3.8.5 ODE S.r.l. (Italy) News
3.9 KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan)
3.9.1 Company Details
3.9.2 Product Information
3.9.3 KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.9.4 Main Business Overview
3.9.5 KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) News
3.10 Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan)
3.10.1 Company Details
3.10.2 Product Information
3.10.3 Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.10.4 Main Business Overview
3.10.5 Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) News
4 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Categorized by Regions (2015-2020)
4.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Region
4.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
4.3 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.4 North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Detail
4.4.1 North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.4.2 North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.5 Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Detail
4.5.1 Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.5.2 Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.6 Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Detail
4.6.1 Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.6.2 Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.7 China 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Detail
4.7.1 China 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.7.2 China 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.1.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.1.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.2 Stainless Steel Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.2.1 Global Stainless Steel Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.2.2 Global Stainless Steel Price (2015-2020)
5.3 Brass Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.3.1 Global Brass Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.3.2 Global Brass Price (2015-2020)
5.4 Aluminium Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.4.1 Global Aluminium Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.4.2 Global Aluminium Price (2015-2020)
5.5 Plastic Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.5.1 Global Plastic Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.5.2 Global Plastic Price (2015-2020)
6 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
6.2 Oil & Gas Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.3 Chemical & Petrochemical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.4 Water & Wastewater Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.5 Food & Beverages Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.6 Power Generation Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.7 Pharmaceuticals Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.8 Automotive Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.9 Medical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.10 Others Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7 4-way Solenoid Valve Related Market Analysis
7.1 Upstream Analysis
7.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
7.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
7.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
7.1.4 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.2 Downstream Market Analysis
7.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
7.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
7.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
7.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
8 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Forecast
8.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue Forecast
8.1.1 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
8.1.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2 Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
8.2.1 North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.2 Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.4 China 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
List of Figures, Tables and Charts Available in COVID-19's impact to Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
List of Tables and FiguresFigure 4-way Solenoid Valve Picture
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales by Type
Figure Global Sales Market Share of 4-way Solenoid Valve by Product Type in 2019
Table Breakdown of 4-way Solenoid Valve by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure Stainless Steel Picture
Figure Brass Picture
Figure Aluminium Picture
Figure Plastic Picture
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales by Application
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Oil & Gas Picture
Figure Chemical & Petrochemical Picture
Figure Water & Wastewater Picture
Figure Food & Beverages Picture
Figure Power Generation Picture
Figure Pharmaceuticals Picture
Figure Automotive Picture
Figure Medical Picture
Figure Others Picture
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Size Comparison by Region (2019-2025) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) (2015-2025)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Production (K Units) (2015-2025)
Figure North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table SWOT Analysis
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Figure Top 10 4-way Solenoid Valve Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into 4-way Solenoid Valve Market
Table Key Manufacturers 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) Main Business
Table ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Main Business
Table Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Recent Development
Table Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) Main Business
Table Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.) Recent Development
Table Danfoss A/S (Denmark) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of Danfoss A/S (Denmark)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Danfoss A/S (Denmark) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Danfoss A/S (Denmark) Main Business
Table Danfoss A/S (Denmark) Recent Development
Table GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Main Business
Table GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany) Recent Development
Table CEME S.p.A. (Italy) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of CEME S.p.A. (Italy)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure CEME S.p.A. (Italy) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table CEME S.p.A. (Italy) Main Business
Table CEME S.p.A. (Italy) Recent Development
Table CKD Corporation (Japan) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of CKD Corporation (Japan)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure CKD Corporation (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table CKD Corporation (Japan) Main Business
Table CKD Corporation (Japan) Recent Development
Table ODE S.r.l. (Italy) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of ODE S.r.l. (Italy)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure ODE S.r.l. (Italy) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table ODE S.r.l. (Italy) Main Business
Table ODE S.r.l. (Italy) Recent Development
Table KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) Main Business
Table KANEKO SANGYO Co., Ltd. (Japan) Recent Development
Table Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) Company Profile
Figure 4-way Solenoid Valve Product Picture and Specifications of Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan)
Table 4-way Solenoid Valve Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) Main Business
Table Takasago Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (Japan) Recent Development
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Region in 2019
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure China 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table China 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure Global Stainless Steel Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Stainless Steel Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Brass Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Brass Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Aluminium Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Aluminium Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Plastic Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Plastic Price (2015-2020)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Global Oil & Gas Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Chemical & Petrochemical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Water & Wastewater Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Food & Beverages Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Power Generation Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Pharmaceuticals Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Automotive Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Medical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Others Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of 4-way Solenoid Valve
Table Key Players of Downstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure North America 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China 4-way Solenoid Valve Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China 4-way Solenoid Valve Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Methodology/Research Approach
Figure Market Size Estimation
Figure Author List
Keyplayers in COVID-19's impact to Global 4-way Solenoid Valve Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
ASCO Valve, Inc. (U.S.)Christian Bürkert GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
Curtiss-Wright Corporation (U.S.)
Danfoss A/S (Denmark)
GSR Ventiltechnik GmbH & Co. KG (Germany)
CEME S.p.A. (Italy)
CKD Corporation (Japan)
ODE S.r.l. (Italy)