COVID-19's impact to Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
SKU ID : MMI-16193328 | Publishing Date : 20-Aug-2020 | No. of pages : 135
Detailed TOC of COVID-19's impact to Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
Table of ContentsGlobal Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
1 Market Overview
1.1 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Definition
1.1.1 Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.1.2 Years Considered
1.2 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Segment by Type
1.2.1 HPLC < 95%
1.2.2 HPLC 95%-98%
1.2.3 HPLC > 98%
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical
1.3.2 Cosmetic
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Overview of Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market
1.4.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (2015-2025)
1.4.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production and Capacity (2015-2025)
1.4.3 North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.4.5 Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Status and Prospect (2015-2025)
1.5 Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Market Opportunities
1.5.2 Market Risk
1.5.3 Market Driving Force
1.5.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
1.5.5 SWOT Analysis
1.6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Industry Impact
1.6.1 How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Industry
1.6.2 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
1.6.3 Market Trends and Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
1.6.4 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19
2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Competition by Manufacturer
2.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
2.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
2.3 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
2.4 Top 5 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturer Market Share
2.5 Top 10 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturer Market Share
2.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market
2.7 Key Manufacturers Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Offered
2.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
3 Analysis of Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Industry Key Manufacturers
3.1 Fujie Pharmaceutical
3.1.1 Company Details
3.1.2 Product Information
3.1.3 Fujie Pharmaceutical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.1.4 Main Business Overview
3.1.5 Fujie Pharmaceutical News
3.2 QHL Pharma
3.2.1 Company Details
3.2.2 Product Information
3.2.3 QHL Pharma Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.2.4 Main Business Overview
3.2.5 QHL Pharma News
3.3 Select Botanical
3.3.1 Company Details
3.3.2 Product Information
3.3.3 Select Botanical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.3.4 Main Business Overview
3.3.5 Select Botanical News
3.4 Indena
3.4.1 Company Details
3.4.2 Product Information
3.4.3 Indena Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.4.4 Main Business Overview
3.4.5 Indena News
3.5 Alchem International
3.5.1 Company Details
3.5.2 Product Information
3.5.3 Alchem International Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.5.4 Main Business Overview
3.5.5 Alchem International News
3.6 TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals
3.6.1 Company Details
3.6.2 Product Information
3.6.3 TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.6.4 Main Business Overview
3.6.5 TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals News
3.7 Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH
3.7.1 Company Details
3.7.2 Product Information
3.7.3 Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.7.4 Main Business Overview
3.7.5 Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH News
3.8 Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical
3.8.1 Company Details
3.8.2 Product Information
3.8.3 Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
3.8.4 Main Business Overview
3.8.5 Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical News
4 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Categorized by Regions (2015-2020)
4.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Region
4.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
4.3 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.4 North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Detail
4.4.1 North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.4.2 North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.5 Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Detail
4.5.1 Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.5.2 Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.6 Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Detail
4.6.1 Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.6.2 Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.7 China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Detail
4.7.1 China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
4.7.2 China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
5 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.1.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.1.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.2 HPLC < 95% Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.2.1 Global HPLC < 95% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.2.2 Global HPLC < 95% Price (2015-2020)
5.3 HPLC 95%-98% Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.3.1 Global HPLC 95%-98% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.3.2 Global HPLC 95%-98% Price (2015-2020)
5.4 HPLC > 98% Sales Growth Rate and Price
5.4.1 Global HPLC > 98% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5.4.2 Global HPLC > 98% Price (2015-2020)
6 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
6.2 Pharmaceutical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.3 Cosmetic Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.4 Other Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Related Market Analysis
7.1 Upstream Analysis
7.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
7.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
7.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
7.1.4 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.2 Downstream Market Analysis
7.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
7.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
7.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
7.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
8 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Forecast
8.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue Forecast
8.1.1 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
8.1.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2 Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
8.2.1 North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.2 Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
8.2.4 China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
List of Figures, Tables and Charts Available in COVID-19's impact to Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Picture
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales by Type
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) by Product Type in 2019
Table Breakdown of Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure HPLC < 95% Picture
Figure HPLC 95%-98% Picture
Figure HPLC > 98% Picture
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales by Application
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Pharmaceutical Picture
Figure Cosmetic Picture
Figure Other Picture
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Size Comparison by Region (2019-2025) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) (2015-2025)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production (K Units) (2015-2025)
Figure North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2014-2025)
Figure China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Figure Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table SWOT Analysis
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Figure Top 10 Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market
Table Key Manufacturers Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table Fujie Pharmaceutical Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Fujie Pharmaceutical
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Fujie Pharmaceutical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Fujie Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table Fujie Pharmaceutical Recent Development
Table QHL Pharma Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of QHL Pharma
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure QHL Pharma Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table QHL Pharma Main Business
Table QHL Pharma Recent Development
Table Select Botanical Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Select Botanical
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Select Botanical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Select Botanical Main Business
Table Select Botanical Recent Development
Table Indena Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Indena
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Indena Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Indena Main Business
Table Indena Recent Development
Table Alchem International Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Alchem International
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Alchem International Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Alchem International Main Business
Table Alchem International Recent Development
Table TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals Main Business
Table TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Table Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH Main Business
Table Selco Wirkstoffe Vertriebs GmbH Recent Development
Table Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Company Profile
Figure Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Product Picture and Specifications of Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical
Table Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table Jiangsu Tiansheng Pharmaceutical Recent Development
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Region in 2019
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure Global HPLC < 95% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global HPLC < 95% Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global HPLC 95%-98% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global HPLC 95%-98% Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global HPLC > 98% Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global HPLC > 98% Price (2015-2020)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Cosmetic Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Figure Global Other Sales Growth Rate (2015-2025)
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4)
Table Key Players of Downstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure North America Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Methodology/Research Approach
Figure Market Size Estimation
Figure Author List
Keyplayers in COVID-19's impact to Global Glycyrrhetinic Acid (CAS 471-53-4) Market Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025
Fujie PharmaceuticalQHL Pharma
Select Botanical
Indena
Alchem International
TIANSHAN Pharmaceuticals